White Castle

“White Castle, also known as Castell Gwyn, is a striking medieval fortress located near the village of Llantilio Crossenny in Monmouthshire, Wales.”

As one of the 'Three Castles'—alongside Grosmont and Skenfrith—it played a pivotal role in controlling the borderlands between England and Wales during the Middle Ages.

The Castle’s Story

White Castle, known in Welsh as Castell Gwyn, stands as a testament to the Norman efforts to control the borderlands between England and Wales. Situated near the village of Llantilio Crossenny in Monmouthshire, this fortress was part of a trio, alongside Grosmont and Skenfrith, collectively known as the "Three Castles." These castles were strategically positioned to oversee the Monnow Valley and protect the route from Wales to Hereford.

The initial construction of White Castle dates back to the late 11th century, likely commissioned by William FitzOsbern, the Earl of Hereford. Originally, it featured timber defenses and earthworks, typical of Norman military architecture of the period. The name "White Castle" is believed to derive from the white rendering applied to its stone walls, remnants of which are still visible today.

In 1135, following a significant Welsh uprising, King Stephen consolidated White Castle with its sister fortresses, Grosmont and Skenfrith, forming the "Three Castles" lordship to strengthen royal control over the region. Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, White Castle underwent several phases of reconstruction and enhancement, transitioning from a wooden motte-and-bailey to a robust stone fortress.

Key Moments / Turning Points

White Castle's history is marked by several significant events that shaped its development and role in the region.

In the early 13th century, the castle came under the control of Hubert de Burgh, a prominent royal official. Although de Burgh initiated significant upgrades to Grosmont and Skenfrith, White Castle saw fewer improvements during his tenure. However, subsequent owners, including Walerund Teutonicus, made substantial additions, such as constructing a new hall, pantry, and buttery in 1244.

In 1254, Prince Edward (later King Edward I) acquired the Three Castles. White Castle's fortifications were further strengthened under his ownership, with enhancements that foreshadowed the grand castles he would later build in North Wales. Despite these improvements, the castle's military significance waned following Edward's conquest of Wales in 1282.

During the early 15th century, White Castle briefly regained military relevance during the rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr. However, after the suppression of the uprising, the castle fell into disuse and decay. By the 16th century, it was already considered a ruin.

Legends and Lore

While specific legends associated with White Castle are scarce, its imposing presence and historical significance have inspired local folklore. Some tales suggest that the castle's white walls would gleam under the moonlight, casting an ethereal glow over the landscape. Such stories, though unverified, contribute to the castle's mystique and allure.

Additionally, the castle's association with the "Three Castles" has led to various tales of secret tunnels connecting the fortresses, used for clandestine meetings and escape routes during times of siege. While there is no archaeological evidence to support these claims, they remain a popular aspect of local storytelling.

Architecture & Features

White Castle boasts a distinctive pear-shaped inner ward, encircled by a deep, water-filled moat—a rare feature among Welsh castles. The inner ward is fortified by thick stone walls and six round towers, providing formidable defense. A large outer ward, comparable in size to a football pitch, surrounds the inner ward, offering additional protection and space for troops and supplies. The castle's design reflects a transition from purely military functions to accommodating administrative and residential needs.

The entrance to the castle is marked by a gatehouse flanked by two massive round towers, an architectural feature that was innovative at the time of its construction. Inside the inner ward, remnants of domestic buildings, including a hall, kitchen, and chapel, can still be discerned, providing insight into the daily life of the castle's inhabitants.

Modern Access / Preservation

Today, White Castle is managed by Cadw, the historic environment service of the Welsh Government. Efforts have been made to preserve the castle's structure, allowing visitors to explore its ruins and appreciate its historical significance. Informational displays provide context about the castle's past, and the site is maintained to ensure safety and accessibility for the public.

The castle is open to visitors year-round, with no admission fee, making it an accessible destination for those interested in medieval history and architecture. Cadw's stewardship ensures that the site remains protected and that its historical integrity is preserved for future generations.

Visiting Today

Visitors to White Castle can enjoy a serene and picturesque setting, with panoramic views of the Monmouthshire countryside. The site is open year-round and offers a peaceful atmosphere for exploration and reflection. Nearby, the White Castle Vineyard provides an opportunity to sample locally produced wines, adding a delightful complement to a day of historical discovery.

The castle is also a popular stop along the Three Castles Walk, a scenic trail connecting White Castle with its sister fortresses, Grosmont and Skenfrith. This route offers hikers a chance to experience the natural beauty of the region while exploring its rich historical heritage.

References

• Cadw. "White Castle." https://cadw.gov.wales/visit/places-to-visit/white-castle

• Visit Wales. "White Castle (Cadw)." https://www.visitwales.com/attraction/castle/white-castle-cadw-516107

• Castle Wales. "White Castle." https://www.castlewales.com/white.html

• British Castle. "Discover White Castle, Monmouthshire." https://britishcastle.co.uk/white-castle/

• Wikipedia. "White Castle, Monmouthshire." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Castle,_Monmouthshire